REUSING high numbers of electric vehicle lithium ion batteries for domestic and industrial use is becoming a reality for Nissan with a new grading system developed by Warwick University researchers.
Once electric vehicle batteries have fulfilled their life-span for automotive applications, they are usually recycled by the manufacturer.
However, many automotive Lithium-ion batteries have enough life left in them after the car is scrapped for ‘second-life’ uses both domestically and industrially.
To do this, it is necessary to ‘grade’ the used batteries – identifying those suitable for use as spare parts, those suitable for a ‘second life’, and those suitable for recycling of materials.
This grading process is traditionally a long and expensive process.
Nissan were keen to explore ways to make a much faster grading process for their used Li-ion batteries from their Nissan LEAF – allowing re-use of old battery packs or modules instead of disposing or recycling them.
They were challenged to demonstrate 1MWh of energy storage by the end of 2019.
Part-funded by BEIS, the ‘UK Energy Storage Laboratory’ project was launched, where 50 Nissan LEAF batteries were used to develop the existing grading process led by Nissan, Warwick Manufacturing Group at the University of Warwick, AMETEK and Element Energy.
Warwick Manufacturing Group’s battery technology experts in the Energy Innovation Centre developed a safe, robust and fast methodology for used automotive Lithium-ion batteries, at pack level.
This methodology, which was initially developed in the Warwick Manufacturing Group, was successfully transferred to a pilot second-life facility, where the target of 1MWh of second-life energy storage was achieved.
In addition, the team developed ways of grading modules – the sub-components of battery packs in as little as 3 minutes – a process which previously took over 3 hours.
Professor David Greenwood from Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick commented on the scheme: “Automotive batteries deliver some great environmental benefits, but they consume a lot of resources in doing so.
“Opening up a second life for batteries improves both the environmental and the economic value we draw from those resources before they need recycling.
“I’m delighted that by working with the partners in this project, we’ve been able to make it much easier to access those second life applications.”
Graded second-life battery packs can provide reliable and convenient energy storage options to a range of customers: from electric roaming products – providing electricity for customers on the move, to home storage products – enabling customers with solar panels to store their energy generated.
More crucially, the packs can be used for storage allowing increased intermittent renewable energy sources on the grid, without putting security of supply at risk.
Business and Climate Change Minister, Lord Ian Duncan, weighed in on this: “It’s great to hear that the University of Warwick and Nissan are collaborating in pursuit of a greener, cleaner future. Reusing the batteries from electric cars could provide a valuable contribution to the UK’s green revolution – helping us lead more efficient and smarter lives as we end our contribution to climate change by 2050.
“We’ve part-funded this project to help give manufacturers more options than recycling – meaning a battery that helped a driver get from A to B could then be used to help store energy used to power a home.”
Ametek developed specialist equipment, and worked with the Group to embed the algorithms developed into a robust and industrialised machine that can be used by Nissan and other companies to grade second life batteries.
Andrew Williams, AMETEK Advanced Measurement Technology Business Unit Manager, said: “The algorithm was developed with assistance from AMETEK EIS analysers.
“We are currently implementing the algorithm in our new family of Solartron Analytical Battery Analyzer products, including our flagship SI-9300R model, which we expect will reduce market barriers for second life applications.”
The novel process is now being trialled for grading of battery modules at the second-life pilot facility.
Through these two processes, Nissan hopes to be able to re-use the vast majority of packs currently assembled in electric vehicles in Europe.
Francisco Carranza, Managing Director from Nissan Energy, added: “The number of electric vehicle batteries reaching end-of-service is set to increase from thousands to tens of thousands per annum by 2025.
“These batteries typically retain significant capacity and power delivery capability, and their re-use in so-called ‘second-life’ applications has been proposed as a mean to extend the battery value chain and minimise waste by deferring recycling.”
